Propionic acid, also known as propanoic acid, is a saturated monocarboxylic acid containing three carbon atoms, with the molecular formula CH3CH2COOH. It has a boiling point of about 141 degrees Celsius and a melting point of about minus 22 degrees, and at room temperature it is a liquid with a strong pungent odor. In agriculture, propionic acid is used primarily as a grain preservative and feed preservative, and it is also a raw material for the synthesis of other agricultural products.
The propionic acid molecule creates high osmotic pressure outside the cells of molds or bacteria, causing dehydration and inhibiting their reproduction. Additionally, propionic acid can penetrate the cell walls of molds and bacteria, suppress enzyme activity inside the cells and inhibit beta-alanine synthesis, effectively preventing microbial growth. Both propionic acid and its salts demonstrate excellent antimicrobial and anti-mold properties, making them suitable as preservatives and anti-caking agents. They are effective against molds, aerobic Bacillus spores and Gram-negative bacteria, and are particularly effective against the bacteria that cause sticky bread, though almost ineffective against yeast.
Propionic acid's role in grain preservation relies on its anti-mold and antimicrobial properties. The acid molecules form high osmotic pressure on the grain surface, causing mold cells to dehydrate and lose the ability to reproduce, and the active molecules penetrate the mold cell walls to inhibit intracellular enzyme activity. In practice, propionic acid-based preservatives are prepared as alkaline solutions adjusted to a defined pH and sprayed directly onto the grain at a controlled application rate. The treatment helps grains retain their natural flavor and nutritional value, supporting long-term storage and reducing losses due to mold and spoilage.
In animal feed, propionic acid is applied as a volatile liquid, and during storage the evaporating acid contacts the feed surface, providing uniform, high-efficiency antimicrobial action. However, direct use faces challenges such as poor heat stability, rapid loss during storage and neutralization by calcium or proteins in the feed. To overcome these limitations, various propionate salts, including ammonium, sodium and calcium propionate, have been developed. These salts are heat-stable, non-volatile, minimally corrosive and suitable for long-term feed storage, and they are widely used in silage preservation for cattle, sheep and poultry. The salts must convert to free propionic acid to be effective, a process influenced by moisture and pH, and uniform mixing is required because salts do not have fumigation effects.
Beyond preservation, propionic acid serves as a raw material in agricultural synthesis. It is essential for glucose synthesis, a key precursor for ruminant blood sugar and lactose production. It is used to produce derivatives such as calcium propionate, sodium propionate, zinc propionate and ammonium propionate, which have applications in feed and grain preservation, rubber additives and antimicrobial agents. It is also used in synthesizing methyl propionate, ethyl propionate and isopentyl propionate, which are applied as solvents, flavoring agents and fragrances.
s a grain preservative and feed preservative, and as a raw material for agricultural chemical synthesis.
By creating osmotic pressure that dehydrates cells and by penetrating cell walls to inhibit enzyme activity.
The salts are heat-stable, non-volatile and minimally corrosive, suitable for long-term feed storage.
lmost ineffective against yeast, but effective against molds, aerobic spores and Gram-negative bacteria.
It is a precursor for glucose synthesis, supporting blood sugar and lactose production.
